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Stephen Grossberg (born December 31, 1939) is a cognitive scientist, theoretical and computational psychologist, neuroscientist, mathematician, biomedical engineer, and neuromorphic technologist. He is the Wang Professor of Cognitive and Neural Systems and a Professor of Mathematics, Psychology, and Biomedical Engineering at Boston University.〔(Faculty page at Boston University )〕 ==Education and Early Research== Grossberg first lived in Woodside, Queens, in New York City. His father died from Hodgkin’s lymphoma when he was one year old. He moved with his mother and older brother, Mitchell, to Jackson Heights, Queens, at five years of age when his mother remarried. The New York City subway system enabled him, along with thousands of other students, to attend Stuyvesant High School in lower Manhattan after passing its competitive entrance exam. He graduated first in his class from Stuyvesant in 1957. His work on developing models that link brains to minds began unexpectedly when he took the introductory psychology course as a freshman at Dartmouth College in 1957. When he was exposed there to classical human and animal data about learning, the philosophical paradoxes that were implicit in these data triggered an intellectual inquiry that led him to introduce, during his freshman year, the modern paradigm of using nonlinear differential equations with which to describe neural networks that model brain dynamics, as well as the basic equations that many scientists use for this purpose today (see Research). Grossberg knew no neuroscience when he derived his first neural models in 1957-58 from a real-time analysis of behavioral learning data. This behavioral derivation led to neural network models, often called the Additive and Shunting models today (see Research), that include cell bodies, axons, and synapses in which short-term memory (STM) and long-term memory (LTM) traces have a natural interpretation in terms of neural potentials, signals, and the regulation of chemical transmitters. This derivation showed, for the first time, that brain mechanisms could be derived by analyzing how behavior adapts autonomously in real time to a changing world. This discovery led Grossberg to study both psychology and neuroscience intensely from that time on, and to develop a theoretical method whereby to discover models capable of linking brain to mind.〔(Grossberg Interests )〕 Artificial Intelligence was just being introduced at Dartmouth when Grossberg began this pioneering work. It is an interesting historical coincidence that the first major conference on AI occurred in 1956 during the Dartmouth Summer Research Project on Artificial Intelligence, a year before Grossberg came to Dartmouth as a freshman. Grossberg received support for his undergraduate research from the Dartmouth chairman of psychology, Albert Hastorf, who went on to become a popular Dean, Provost, and Vice President at Stanford, and from the chairman of mathematics, John Kemeny, who with Thomas Kurtz invented the computer language Basic and introduced the first time-sharing computer center, before becoming President of Dartmouth. Dartmouth had a Senior Fellow program that enabled a small number of students to do research, instead of taking regular classes, during their senior year. Grossberg extended his early discoveries as a Senior Fellow, and summarized them in his Senior Fellow thesis. He received a B.A. in 1961 from Dartmouth as its first joint major in mathematics and psychology. Grossberg then sought to continue his training and research in graduate school, and went to Stanford University to be close to the leading theoretical psychology institute at that time, The Institute for Mathematical Studies in the Social Sciences, whose faculty included many of the most distinguished researchers in the then nascent field of mathematical psychology, including William Estes, Richard Atkinson, Gordon Bower, and Patrick Suppes. Grossberg also went to Stanford to become a graduate student in mathematics in order to acquire the mathematical tools that his differential equation models indicated would be needed, and to learn the mathematical skills that could help him to read fluently the theoretical literatures of the multiple sciences that are relevant to understanding mind and brain. At Stanford, the psychologists were using finite Markov chains to analyze group learning data ("stimulus sampling theory"), and were unaccustomed to the idea of deriving properties of individual behavior from real-time adaptive neural networks. The mathematicians were perplexed by a mathematics student who was committed to doing theoretical psychology and neuroscience. After taking 90 credits of graduate mathematics and reading extensively in multiple fields, Grossberg therefore left Stanford in 1964 with an MS in mathematics and transferred to The Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research (now The Rockefeller University) in Manhattan, which had a number of famous neuroscientists on its faculty as well as mathematicians and physicists who might be interested in behavioral and neural modeling, notably the famous probability theorist and statistical physicist, Mark Kac. In his first year at Rockefeller, Grossberg wrote a 440 page student monograph called The Theory of Embedding Fields with Applications to Psychology and Neurophysiology〔(Grossberg Embedding Fields )〕 that summarized his discoveries over the past decade. The monograph was distributed by Rockefeller to 125 of the leading labs in psychology and neuroscience at that time. Grossberg received a PhD in mathematics from Rockefeller in 1967 for a thesis that proved the first global content addressable memory theorems about the neural learning models that he had discovered at Dartmouth. His PhD thesis advisor was Gian-Carlo Rota, whose unusual breadth as a mathematician and philosopher enabled him to provide personal and political support for Grossberg’s unusual research interests. Grossberg was then hired as an assistant professor of applied mathematics at MIT on the strength of his PhD thesis and strong recommendations from Kac and Rota. At MIT, Grossberg was kindly received by Norman Levinson, at that time the most famous MIT mathematician and an Institute Professor, and his wife Zipporah, or Fagi, who treated him like a scientific son. Levinson and Rota, who returned to MIT when Grossberg arrived there, each submitted some of Grossberg’s early articles in 1967-1971 on the foundational concepts and equations of neural networks, global content addressable memory theorems, and constructions of specialized networks for spatial and spatio-temporal pattern learning, for publication in prestigious scientific and mathematical journals, notably the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.〔(Profile )〕 In 1969, Grossberg was promoted to associate professor after publishing a stream of conceptual and mathematical results about many aspects of neural networks. Grossberg was hired as a full professor at Boston University in 1975, where he is still on the faculty today. While at Boston University, he received a great deal of support from the BU President, John Silber, and the BU Dean and Provost, Dennis Berkey, which enabled him to found the Department of Cognitive and Neural Systems, several interdisciplinary research centers, and various international institutions. See Career and Infrastructure Development. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Stephen Grossberg」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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